Common Genomic and Proteomic Alterations Related to Disturbed Neural Oscillatory Activity in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by heterogeneous symptoms, relatively poor clinical outcome, and widespread disruptions in neural connectivity and oscillatory dynamics. This article attempts to review current evidence linking genomic and proteomic alterations with aberrant neural oscillations observed in SZ, including aberrations in all oscillatory frequency bands obtained via human EEG. The numerous genes discussed are mainly involved in modulating synaptic transmission, synaptic function, interneuron excitability, and excitation/inhibition balance, thereby influencing the generation and synchronization of neural oscillations at specific frequency bands (e.g., gamma frequency band) critical for different cognitive, emotional, and perceptual processes in humans. The review highlights how polygenic influences and gene–circuit interactions underlie the neural oscillatory and connectivity abnormalities central to SZ pathophysiology, providing a framework for future research on common genetic-neural function interactions and on potential therapeutic interventions targeting local and global network-level neural dysfunction in SZ patients. As will be discussed, many of these genes affecting neural oscillations in SZ also affect other neurological disorders, ranging from autism to epilepsy. In time, it is hoped that future research will show why the same genetic anomaly leads to one illness in one person and to another illness in a different person.