Three-dimensionality as an effective mode of representation for expressing sequential time perception

The process of developing concepts of time continues from age 5 to 11 years
(Zakay, 1998). This study sought the representation mode in which children
could best express time concepts, especially the proper arrangement of events
in a logical and temporal order. Usually, temporal order is examined and
taught by 2D (2-dimensional) pictorial scripts. Using Bruner's (1973, 1986,
1990) representation stages, we tested the comparative effectiveness of VR
(Virtual Reality) as a mode of representation on children's conception of
sequential time with the pictorial representation mode, the oral, and textual
modes. The study involved 65 participants, aged 4 to 10, in 2 groups:
kindergarten and school children. The study examined their ability to arrange
episodes of a scenario in which a temporal order exists, using the different
modes of representation. The findings demonstrate substantial differences in
the temporal order arrangement between the modes of representation. In the
3D VR representation, the subjects had a smaller number of errors than in
the other representations. These findings suggest that even though the pictorial
mode is the most common way of examining and expressing temporal
sequence, we should establish new ways of presenting sequencing so that
children will be better able to achieve their full cognitive and academic
potential.